Morality, Moral, And Moral Decisions Essay - 1304 Words

If there is one characteristic that distinguishes human civilization from any other organized species, then morality is definitely a favored candidate. In English the words â€Å"beastly† or â€Å"brutal† are used to describe the cruelest form of moral perversity; in Chinese the phrase â€Å"birds and beast† refers to people who committed appalling atrocities. Our propensity to view morality as the discriminating trait of human being overrides cultural and geographical barriers. For some people, this phenomenon serves as the evidence for the idea that morality arises out of, and should be explained by our ability for rational reasoning—a uniquely human faculty. Different schools of philosophy identify different elements behind the reasoning process that governs moral decisions—for utilitarianism those are net gain or loss of human welfare, and for Kantianism the only governing principle should be pure reason. However they all seem to harbor the same imperfection: seldom any metaphysical explanations for morality accurately capture our typical mental process behind a moral decision. While quotidian life is rife with moral decisions, neither careful evaluations of gain or loss in human welfare nor deliberate consideration of logical consistency came up to one’s mind on a daily basis. Moral psychologist took a different path: instead of constructing a logically coherent theory of ethics and reaching moral guidelines through deduction, they acknowledge the existence of certain basic moralShow MoreRelatedMorality And Moral Decision Making2005 Words   |  9 PagesMorality and moral decision making add yet another dimension to the already complex nature of warfare. A key tenet of warfare and combat is one human taking another’s life. Bloodshed is the main factor which differentiates warfare from diplomacy. However, warfare is never black and white. Modern day insurgent warfare requires incredibly difficult labeling and differentiating between combatants and civilians, that far surpasses the complexity of traditional warfare, making moral decisions all theRead MoreTheory Of Morality As A System Of Hypothetical Imperatives Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesCircular Reasoning in Foot’s Moral System In â€Å"Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives†, Philippa Foot argues against Immanuel Kant, that morality exists in hypothetical imperatives rather than categorical imperatives. For Kant, categorical imperatives alone serve as moral commands, and it would be impossible for a moral system to be based on hypothetical imperatives because such imperatives serve as means to ends and result from maxims that cannot be universalized into perfect duties. DespiteRead MoreBecoming a Philosphy Scholar Too!1457 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers theories about morals and ethics that you will study will seem to come to life through open class discussions on hypothetical scenarios and examples to help you better understand the content, while relating it to realistic situations. Learning about the different philosophers theories on moral judgment allows you to question your own morals while looking at morality through a different lens. The philosophies on morality that truly made me rethink my moral judgment through presentingRead MoreAbortion And Assisted Dying And How They Affect Law Making Decisions923 Words   |  4 Pageshaving a moral agenda as it may infer with what needs to be the law. In order to understand whether lawmakers should have a moral agenda it must be understood what the law is and who can make it. Law can defined as ‘a body of rules that a country makes, and it is applied by the state’ , law can be made by two different bodies in the United Kingdom which include the Judicial system and the Parliament. Now that we understand what is the law and how it works morality can be tackled. Morality can be definedRead MoreOliver Wendell Holmess Relationship With Morality1632 Words   |  7 PagesA substantial debate over the law’s relationship with morality exists within the legal system. This debate gained new perspective when Oliver Wendell Holmes published The Path of Law in 1897, which outlined his view on the relationshi p between the law and morality. This paper will first consider whether or not Holmes believed that a writing must be moral in order to constitute a law. Next, we will explore my general agreement with Holmes’ view on this matter. Then, the paper will consider an objectionRead MoreThe Flaws Of Foots Moral System Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesShortcomings of Foots Moral System In â€Å"Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives,† Philippa Foot argues that moral judgments are in hypothetical imperatives rather than categorical imperatives. For Kant, categorical imperatives are actions that are good in themselves and do not depend on desires, while, hypothetical imperatives are â€Å"actions that are good to some purpose† (306). According to Foot, hypothetical imperatives alone serve as the basis of moral judgments because categorical imperativesRead MoreMoral Development As Defined By Lawrence Kohlberg1018 Words   |  5 PagesMoral development Moral development as defined by Lawrence Kohlberg is a theory that follows moral thinking through a series of three levels and six stages that are sequential and remain consistent. According to Kohlberg level one is entitled Pre-conventional morality (pre-operational). In this level it consists of two stages: Stage One deals with punishment and obedience or how good or bad something may be. Stage two is instrumental purpose and exchange at this stage one is said to conformRead MoreThe Moral Self, Moral Injury, And Moral Emotions1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe Moral Self, Moral Injury, and Moral Emotions The podcast between John Gavazzi and Nina Strohminger on morality have a few key themes that are discussed, including the moral self, moral injury, and moral emotions. Morality in psychology initially focused on Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, which were based on people’s ability to articulate what their moral objectives were. So, a person’s moral stage, or how advanced a person is, was determined by their explanations to the moralRead MoreEssay on Contrasting Kand and Hume on Morality1510 Words   |  7 PagesMorality is central to all rational beings, whereby a moral action is one determined by reason, rather than our personal desires as suggested by Kant (1785) in contrast to Hume. (1738). Furthermore, Kant suggests that an action is moral only on account of its being reasoned, therefore the moral worth of an action is determined by its motives and not by its consequences. Exploring the works of Hume (1738) and Kant(1785) on morality and ethi cs, we will ask the question whether we should do what isRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Divine Command Theory1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Divine Command Theory dictates that â€Å"An act is morally required just because it is commanded by God, and immoral just because God forbids it (Shafer-Landau 65).† This view is often accepted by religious people as the basis for morality; the morality of an action is determined by whether or not it is commanded by God. However, there are multiple problems presented by this line of thinking. One of the most common arguments against this theory is known as the Euthyphro Dilemma, derived from Plato’s

How Sm Jaleel Went Global - 12239 Words

SM jaleel Company in trinidad diversification of its products FOR THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY Ministry of Trade and Industry Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Developed by: The Food Beverage Industry Team Report Preparation: Arnold Babwah May, 2005 Preface The conceptual framework for this document is the result of a partnership approach between public sector agencies and the private sector. It attempts, within the context of the 2020 VISION for national development, to outline what must be done – given the current national, regional, and global situation - and seeks to make the most of the strengths and opportunities of the Food and Beverage Processing Industry while minimising the weaknesses and†¦show more content†¦Desmond Ali Independent Consultant – Food and Beverage Processing Ms. Annelle Joachim Business Development Company Limited Ms. Renata Tulsie Institute of Business, University of the West Indies Mrs. Margaret Taylor Caribbean Industrial Research Institute Mr. Winston Borrell Trinidad and Tobago Hotel and Tourism Association †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. IV Abbreviations/ Acronyms †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ ADB : Agricultural Development Bank CARDI : Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute CARIRI : Caribbean Industrial Research Institute CSME : Caribbean Single Market and Economy CSO : Central Statistical Office EU : European Union FAO : Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FSAI : Food Safety Authority of Ireland FTAA : Free Trade Agreement of The Americas FTAs : Free Trade Agreements GMPs : Good Manufacturing Practices HACCP : Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points IICA : Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences MALMR : Ministry of Agriculture , Land and Marine Resources NAMEDVCO : National Agricultural Marketing and Development Corporation NEDCO : National Entrepreneurship Development Company Limited SCBD : Standing Committee on Business Development SME : Sm all, Medium Sized Enterprises

Music as Social Commnetary Free Essays

The end of the Reagan Administration is not generally known for political activism and yet during the highly conservative Reagan years, some of the biggest efforts of music to combat the problems of the world began. John Cougar Mellankamp wrote the album, â€Å"Rain on the Scarecrow† and began the Farm Aid concerts to draw attention to the disappearing American family far. Michael Jackson and the musical elite of the day wrote and performed, â€Å"We Are the World† and Sir Bob Geldof drew attention to the African famines with his multi-star performance and recording of â€Å"Do They Know It’s Christmas? † Into that political climate, singer/songwriter Jackson Browne wrote and released the song, â€Å"How Long? † on his â€Å"World in Motion† album released in 1989 (â€Å"Ontario Coalition Against Poverty† 1). We will write a custom essay sample on Music as Social Commnetary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Speculation runs high that Browne may have been directly addressing the issues of international poverty or may have been discussing the issue of Apartheid in South Africa, avery popular cause of the late 1980s. Browne, the German-born son of an American military photographer, had become well-known for his political activism. After writing for some of the biggest names in the music industry including The Byrds and The Eagles (Paris 1), Browne recorded his own music beginning in the mid-1970s and culminating with his hits â€Å"Running on Empty† and â€Å"The Load Out (Stay)†. Then, his formerly easy-going music turned into political statement after political statement. He organized a coalition of musicians against nuclear energy after the Three Mile Island accident and often wrote about politics, saying,† nothing is more personal than your political beliefs. † (Paris 1) But America of the late 1980s was in feel-good mode. The wall was coming down in Berlin, the Cold War at an end and the Soviet Union was crumbling. The album which featured â€Å"How Long† was the worst performance of Browne’s career, other than his debut album when nobody knew his name (Wade 1). The famine in Ethiopia and other parts of the world were big news, though largely ignored except for during feel-good relief efforts and homelessness in America was a huge issue as the Reagan era drove the divide between the haves and have nots even farther apart. Browne, who was critical of liberals and conservatives alike (Ward 1), wrote the song to call everyone out for their blithe acceptance of the arms race and huge military budgets. Others speculate that the song relates to the Anti-Apartheid efforts. The South African crisis was big news during the Reasgan administration with Congress enacting strict restriction on South African trade, beginning in 1986, and popular culture canonizing Nelson and Winnie Mandela. And that anti-Apartheid movement was important in popular culture. Lethal Weapon 2 (1989) highlighted the problems involving the race-based discrimination in South Africa the same year the song was released and the colonial system instituted by the Dutch did not end until years later. Sadly, however, the song seems largely misplaced in time, coming out in the first year of the presidency of George H. W. Bush when the world accepted that the arms race was over and social consciousness was beginning to take hold. It almost appears as though Browne missed the boat with â€Å"How Long† as he was critical of the military industrial complex which was already in the process of dismantling after the reunification of Germany and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Furthermore, the song deals specifically with the issue of children and starvation, but did not serve to draw particular attention to the problem worldwide, possible due to the vagaries of the song. The vagaries of the song make it difficult to identify what social injustice in particular Browne hoped to address and that may have been his point. While asking in general â€Å"How Long? † people were willing to tolerate social injustice around the world, Browne may have helped to draw attention to both the need for nuclear disarmament and the need to end Apartheid. We do know that it asks the listener to consider the children and their future. â€Å"How Long† begins with a verse describing the possibilities evident in a child’s face and asks the listener, presumably Americans and other citizens of the world, how long the child would survive if it were up to them (â€Å"How Long† Lines 1-8). The problem is that the children of the 1980s were not the flower-power generation of the 1960s and the subtly was lost. Asking â€Å"How long — would the child survive/How long — if it was up to you† was not the call to action needed in the late 1980s. The self-absorbed generation could easily just answer the question and ignore the call to action underneath the words. Indeed, there is no evidence that the song had any impact other than as a subtle reminder of what they saw daily on the news. In the second verse, Browne gets a little more direct with his indictment of the listener but still fails to call them to action. â€Å"When you think about the money spent On defense by a government And the weapons of destruction we’ve built We’re so sure that we need And you think of the millions and millions That money could feed How long — can you hear someone crying How long — can you hear someone dying Before you ask yourself why? † (Browne, â€Å"How Long† Lines 9-16) Ultimately, Browne does a good job of pointing out the political and social issues of the time, but fails to take a stance on what should be done about it. There is a vague notion that the government should stop spending money on missile defense systems and nuclear weapons in favor of spending on social issues, but he never implores his audience to take action. Instead, the audience can simply agree that yes, it is a problem and then go back to their own lives without interruption or any change in action. Perhaps the one place where Browne’s work might be considered effective is in his final verse, when he discusses the need to think of the globe differently than the blue and white and green image seen from space (Browne, â€Å"How Long†). Finally, he asks how long until we â€Å"have something to offer where the planet’s concerned? † (â€Å"Browne, â€Å"How Long† Lines 38-39) Though the song is generally accepted as an anti-military, pro-social reform ballad, these last lines may have been influenced by his relationship with environmental activist and actress Darryl Hannah and may allude to the idea that people need to take action with regard to the world’s environmental situation. In that way, it may have had some limited effect on public awareness about environmental issues. Realistically though, it appears that the only real effect of Browne’s work may have been on his career. Reviewer David Marsh, well-known for his commentary on rock music, put it this way. â€Å"This is one time Jackson Browne did his words profound justice as a singer — it’s simply a great piece of singing, stark, angry, pained and yet aching more than anything else with a love that’s proven yet again to be insufficient to hold a life together. The question while this music and the story unfold is not how the singer will survive — he’s already told us that — but how the listener will keep his composure long enough to hear it through. † (Ward 1) The song may well have been a sign of the times and completely appropriate for the long view of history, but in the culture of the times, it was too passe, with not enough call for direct action. Still, just a few years later, Browne got his wish during the Clinton administration when the military industrial complex was largely dismantled, America’s standing army minimized and world concerns brought to the forefront of American consciousness. Apartheid also fell in the intervening years, coming to an end in 1994. By the time the song had its desired impact on spending priorities, the drought had shifted and the starving was in Rwanda and Darfur and Americans had moved on to another music form and again forgot the starving children. Just as Browne’s cry for justice came very late in the era of Apartheid, it came very early in the call for environmental activism and people missed its call to do the right thing and care for the children of the world. Works Cited Browne, Clyde Jackson. â€Å"How Long? † World in Motion, Elektra Records, 1989. Ontario Coalition Against Poverty, â€Å"Activism and protest song lyrics page† http://www. ocap. ca/songs/howlong. html December 5, 2007. Paris, Russ. â€Å"Jackson Browne: Biography†. http://www. jrp-graphics. com/jb/jbbio. html, December 5, 2007. Ward, Michael. â€Å"Jackson Browne: the Artist behind the Words† http://media. www. versusmag. org/media/storage/paper584/news/2003/10/22/Music/Jackson. Browne-547215. shtml, December 5, 2007. How Long by Jackson Browne When you look into a child’s face And you’re seeing the human race And the endless possibilities there Where so much can come true And you think of the beautiful things A child can do How long — would the child survive How long — if it was up to you When you think about the money spent On defense by a government And the weapons of destruction we’ve built How to cite Music as Social Commnetary, Papers

Reflective Journal for Health Policy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Qustion: Discuss about theReflective Journal for Health Policy. Answer: Introduction about Myself My name is [] and I am enthusiastic about documenting every aspect of my life. In this reflective journal, I ponder about the things that I have learnt and I keep learning every single day. I must admit that before starting this unit, I had high expectations of learning about leadership and management. Fortunately, the course did not disappoint as I got to understand the differences between the two, the importance of teams and the characteristics of teams. Besides, I have understand the various schools of thought that talk to individual change. In this account, I shall look to give the reflection of the learning that took place, what that means to me and how I will use the new found knowledge in my future career and life. Individual Change Account The session provided me with an opportunity to assess myself and get to understand which aspects of my academic life needed to change in order to benefit me in the long-term. I also got to comprehend the different approaches that can be used to implement individual behavior. The first theory that we learned in class was the behavioral approach, which basically associated with rewards and punishment to either encourage or discourage the reoccurrence of the behavior (Robbins, Chatterjee, Canda, 2011). I realized that this method is often used in almost all forms of life. for instance, I remembered when I was young, my parents used to buy me gifts every time I performed well in school and get grounded from watching T.V and staying indoors when I did something they did not approve. At an individual level, it involves having the right priorities and upon achieving the desired goals, one can reward themselves with a holiday for example. For this approach to be effective, some stimulus tha t may have been pleasant but contributed to the undesired behavior need to be removed and punishment instituted for the unwanted behavior to reduce the frequency of display of such behavior (Robbins, et al., 2011). The Cognitive Approach This is a brand new week and I cannot wait to share about the cognitive approach, which is a quite different from the behavioral approach that I shared last week. The cognitive approach, on the other hand, is an approach based on the assumptions that our thought processes have an impact on the way we behave. The approach is based on the principle that behavior arises from external stimuli and through the thought processes, we exhibit an appropriate response. I learned that by influencing the thought about self by use of affirmations, breaking patterns and performing a rational analysis and using positive visualizations, one can achieve individual change (Neisser, 2014). Perhaps the approach that I found to be intriguing was the psychodynamic theory, which proposes that how we behave is influenced by the subconscious mind and other impulses that we may not be aware of. However, this approach contradicts the common understanding that we can control behavior by using our own free will a s opposed to attributing it to our earlier experiences (Weiner, 2013). The Humanistic Approach This week I have been pondering about the humanistic approach that I learned during the last session in the past week. The humanistic approach appealed to me most because it explains human behavior because of the observer and the person performing that behavior. This approach suggests that how people behave is connected to the self-image and the inner feelings (Seligman, Csikszentmihalyi, 2014). We can, change behavior by having a positive regard for self, upholding genuineness and congruence and empathic understanding. Besides the approaches to individual change, I also have to enhance my knowledge on the Maslows Hierarchy of needs and Herzbergs two-factor theory, which also contributed to my understanding of individual change. Team and Change Reflection This was another fun and full of learning new things as I got to, for the first time, to differentiate the differences between groups and teams. I must honestly say that I have always been using the two interchangeably, but after this session, I am more aware of the distinct differences between the two. Teams take a collaborative approach and mutually or individually become accountable for the actions of the team. Leadership is also different because groups have a designated leader whole in teams, leadership is shared. Besides, we also learned the benefits of working in teams including attainment of creativity due to the diversity of the members, gaining new expertise and participation of members with certain knowledge about various issues. Interdependence of teams is critical and there are various forms in which members can depend on each other like pooled, sequential and reciprocal interdependence (Buljac-Samardzic, et al., 2010). I realized that working in teams requires that certain factors are undertaken to improve the effectiveness. For instance, when we formed our group, we had to lay down the mission and goals in addition to allocating roles to individuals. We established the rules and procedures, the inter-team relations to guide the team. We also became aware of the drawbacks that may hinder cohesion in a team like rationalization, self-censorship, direct pressure and morality among others (Shaw, et al., 2011). Another important area where I added knowledge is the types of individuals in a team and how they perform their roles. I Learned how to use the Belbin Team Roles Template I had quite an experiential moment learning how to use the Belbin team roles template. Using the Belbin team roles template, there are nine kinds of people in teams and I think I placed myself in the resource investigator. Enthusiasm and an over-communicator extrovert who explores all opportunities and develops contacts characterize this type. However, the main weakness of such individuals lies in their over-optimistic and loss of interest once the enthusiasm initially held has been passed (Shaw, et al., 2011). The good thing is that the nine different persons are able to bring the strengths of each to the front and with proper planning, effective communication and having mechanisms for solving conflicts; the team can achieve the goals for which it was formed. Some of the available strategies for dealing with dispute include preventing ignition of the conflict, setting limits on the type of conflict, eliminating the underlying issues and helping parties to develop strategies to cope with the conflict. Leadership and Skills Leadership and management are two terms that most people, I include confuse to mean one and the same thing. In my case, it was until I completed this session. While the explanation of a manager and a leader possess profound similarities, it is also clear that some managers can be leaders but not all have qualities associated with leadership (Derue, et al., 2011). I now understand that the primary difference between the two concepts lies in the manner in which they motivate their subordinates and followers. Most people are both because they have management responsibilities, but also realize that they cannot buy or borrow the hearts of people to follow them especially during times of difficulty (Nahavandi, 2016). To be successful, the manager must, therefore, perform the roles of leaders. I was Confused as much as I Learnt I felt a significant level of confusion while trying to differentiate between managers and leaders. Managers in an organization have distinct roles and responsibilities, which include the four functions of management: planning, leading, controlling and organizing. Since leading is one function of management, it could imply that theoretically, all managers ought to be leaders (Northouse, 2012). I got confused here too. However, it was explained that managers can only be leaders if they have the ability to perform all the roles of leadership including inspiring, communication, motivating and encouraging employees to achieve productivity and efficiency. A manager is considered one by virtue of holding a position where the subordinates follow his/her instructions because they are demanded so. The concern of the manager is to achieve the set goals of the organization and achieves this by concentrating on the effectiveness through the laid down systems, controls, and structures. I Gained Clarity and Understanding At the end of the session, I clearly understood what leadership was all about and I can clearly cite theories and literature clarifying the concept. I learned that leadership is an activity that is primarily based on communication. The leaders continuously dedicate their time creating tailored messages that are communicated to the followers and stakeholders alike. Hackman and Johnson (2013) suggest that with increased leadership responsibilities given to an individual, the more communication is expected of them. They further argue that the communication styles employed by the leaders can be sued to determine the leadership style (Hackman, Johnson, 2013). There are various theories that I learned during this session including transactional leadership, transformational leadership, charismatic leadership, servant leadership, and visionary leadership (Giltinane, 2013). We also discussed moral leadership and courage as well as stewardship. My Concluding Remarks and Key Learning I believe that after analyzing the various styles of leadership, I have strengths in effective communication among the diverse parties. I have learned that I do exercise flexibility and have the ability to recognize the type of audience and exercise categorization in the determination of the communication technique to employ. In our team meetings and activities, I was focused on the we as opposed to me. This ability to grasp the audience and function, as noted by Giltinane (2013) allows the effective communicator to choose between analytical, functional, personal and intuitive communication techniques to ensemble the setting. I believe in a leadership style that is able to focus on the bigger picture and delegate minor tasks to heads of groups. To achieve this, the leaders must be effective communicators. I have developed the ability to create my personal vision and motivate myself and my fellow friends and colleagues in school and at social settings to set and meet the goals while drawing gratification and satisfaction which I believe puts me into the category of transformational leaders. I intend to carry these qualities into my future professional career where I would be at the forefront of forming teams and encouraging for both personal development and institutional improvements to increase productivity. References Buljac-Samardzic, M., Dekker-van Doorn, C. M., van Wijngaarden, J. D., van Wijk, K. P. (2010). Interventions to improve team effectiveness: a systematic review. Health policy, 94(3), 183-195. Derue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., Wellman, N. E. D., Humphrey, S. E. (2011). Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: An integration and meta?analytic test of their relative validity. Personnel psychology, 64(1), 7-52. Giltinane, C. L. (2013). Leadership styles and theories. Nursing Standard, 27(41), 35-39. Hackman, M. Z., Johnson, C. E. (2013). Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland Press. Nahavandi, A. (2016). The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Neisser, U. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Classic edition. Psychology Press. Northouse, P. G. (2012). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Robbins, S. P., Chatterjee, P., Canda, E. R. (2011). Contemporary human behavior theory: A critical perspective for social work. Pearson Higher Ed. Seligman, M. E., Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction (pp. 279-298). Springer Netherlands. Shaw, J. D., Zhu, J., Duffy, M. K., Scott, K. L., Shih, H. A., Susanto, E. (2011). A contingency model of conflict and team effectiveness. Journal of applied psychology, 96(2), 391. Weiner, B. (2013). Human motivation. Psychology Press.